A recent academic study found that in 57% of the campaigns surveyed, workers were threatened that their workplace would shut down if they chose to be represented by a union, and that in 47% of campaigns they were threatened with a loss of wages or benefits. 64% of campaign workers were interrogated about how they and other workers were going to vote and 14% were put under surveillance by their employer. To intimidate workers, 21% of employers called in police to do walkthroughs in the work place, and 14% bring in security guards or put up security fencing. Most egregiously, workers were dismissed in 34% of the campaigns.