Philippines - 2011

Population:
Capital: Manila
Violence against union leaders and union members, outsourcing outsourcing See contracting-out of work, collusion between company and labour officials, and company efforts to use ”yellow” unions to undermine legitimate union organisations remained the key issues affecting trade unions. Union representatives were murdered, while other members were injured while striking. Trade union activities are hampered by excessive legal restrictions, especially concerning the right to strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike .
ILO Core Conventions Ratified:
29 Forced Labour (1930) 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (1948) 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (1949) 100 Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (1951) 105 Abolition of Forced Labour (1957) 111 Discrimination in Employment and Occupation (1958) 138 Minimum Age for Employment (1973) 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999)

reported violations - 2011

Documented violations - actual number of cases may be higher

Background

Benigno Aquino III, the son of the late president Corazon Aquino, became the new president in May and ran on a platform of fighting corruption and promoting justice for victims of crime. However, political violence continued after the elections as more than 20 activists, journalists, party members, and politicians were killed after Aquino took office on 30 June – three of them union leaders. In September, Andal Ampatuan Jr. and 18 others went on trial for the 23 November 2009 massacre of 58 people, including more than 30 media workers in Maguindanao on the southern island of Mindanao. Almost 300 political prisoners and political detainees are still in jail. The Philippines lost 34 places in the Press Freedom Index and now ranks 156th out of the 178 countries surveyed, down from last year’s ranking of 122.
ILO Core Conventions Ratified:
29 Forced Labour (1930) 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (1948) 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (1949) 100 Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (1951) 105 Abolition of Forced Labour (1957) 111 Discrimination in Employment and Occupation (1958) 138 Minimum Age for Employment (1973) 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999)
Population:
Capital: Manila

reported violations- 2011

Documented violations - actual number of cases may be higher

Trade union rights in law

While basic trade union rights are guaranteed in the Constitution, they are limited by numerous provisions. Foreign nationals may not form or join a union unless there is a reciprocal agreement between the countries. The conditions for obtaining union recognition recognition The designation by a government agency of a union as the bargaining agent for workers in a given bargaining unit, or acceptance by an employer that its employees can be collectively represented by a union. are too strict, and the names of all the members the union seeks to organise must be provided. All foreign assistance is also subject to prior permission by the Secretary of Labour. While the right to collective bargaining collective bargaining The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers’ representatives, trade unions, or trade union centres on the one hand and an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the other.

See collective bargaining agreement
is secured, a number of categories of workers are not allowed to exercise this right, including prison guards, fire-fighters and managerial employees. Collective bargaining collective bargaining The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers’ representatives, trade unions, or trade union centres on the one hand and an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the other.

See collective bargaining agreement
in the public sector is also limited as government employees are not permitted to bargain over the appropriation of funds.

Furthermore, in order to call a lawful strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike , all conciliation conciliation An attempt by a neutral third party, a conciliator, to aid the settling of an industrial dispute by improving communications, offering advice and interpreting issues to bring the disputing parties to a point where they can reconcile their differences. The conciliator does not take as active a role as a mediator or an arbitrator.

See arbitration, mediation procedures must have been exhausted and prior notice must be given 30 days in advance in the event of bargaining deadlocks. Both the President and the Secretary of Labour and Employment have broad powers to stop strikes in industries that are “indispensable to the national interest”, which seriously limits the right to strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike . Strikes are banned in the public sector, and the law prescribes heavy penalties for participation in an illegal strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike : Union leaders are liable to imprisonment of up to three years.

Additional information regarding the legislation
ILO Core Conventions Ratified:
29 Forced Labour (1930) 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (1948) 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (1949) 100 Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (1951) 105 Abolition of Forced Labour (1957) 111 Discrimination in Employment and Occupation (1958) 138 Minimum Age for Employment (1973) 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999)
Population:
Capital: Manila

reported violations - 2011

Documented violations - actual number of cases may be higher

In practice

Flagrant anti-union tactics: Trade union leaders continued to face harassment, arrest, and the loss of their jobs by the filing of false criminal charges. One of the most common tactics used by private employers and government, alike, was to label union leaders and members as terrorists. Faced with a legal system that offers little assistance or due process, trade unions persisted in their efforts.
Labour inspection abandoned in favour of voluntary compliance: The Labour Standards Enforcement Framework essentially abandons the principle of government labour inspection labour inspection An authority responsible for ensuring compliance with labour laws and legal provisions relating to protection of workers through the inspection of workplaces. for workplaces with more than 200 workers. Instead of a formal inspection, the order only requires self-regulation of labour standards among large companies and in companies where there is a union that has registered a collective bargaining collective bargaining The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers’ representatives, trade unions, or trade union centres on the one hand and an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the other.

See collective bargaining agreement
agreement.
Terrorist act concern to unionists: The Human Security Act classifies a wide range of crimes as terrorist acts if they are committed to “create a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand”. Mandatory sentences are set at 40 years without possibility of parole for terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism, and similarly heavy penalties are created for lesser crimes. There are significant concerns among human rights organisations and trade unionists that the overly broad language in the law leaves it open to abuse by local police and judicial authorities. Arrests without warrants are allowed, and indefinite detention is made possible in instances where authorities find there is an “actual or imminent terrorist attack”.
ILO Core Conventions Ratified:
29 Forced Labour (1930) 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (1948) 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (1949) 100 Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (1951) 105 Abolition of Forced Labour (1957) 111 Discrimination in Employment and Occupation (1958) 138 Minimum Age for Employment (1973) 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999)
Population:
Capital: Manila

reported violations - 2011

Documented violations - actual number of cases may be higher

Violations

Alta Mode settles with striking workers: On 12 February, the Alta Mode Workers Union (AMWU) filed a strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike notice against Alta Mode, Inc. (Alta Mode), a garment factory in the Mactan Export Processing Zone export processing zone A special industrial area in a country where imported materials are processed before being re-exported. Designed to attract mostly foreign investors by offering incentives such as exemptions from certain trade barriers, taxes, business regulations, and/or labour laws. II, Lapu-Lapu City, after the company announced it would close on 15 March for financial reasons. On 16 February, AMWU began picketing picketing Demonstration or patrolling outside a workplace to publicise the existence of an industrial dispute or a strike, and to persuade other workers not to enter the establishment or discourage consumers from patronising the employer. Secondary picketing involves picketing of a neutral establishment with a view to putting indirect pressure on the target employer. Alta Mode to protest the company’s decision. AMWU also said that Alta Mode’s financial statements do not support its position that it is in financial distress. After maintaining its picket camp for three months, AMWU settled with Alta Mode when faced with legal harassment and an adverse arbitration arbitration A means of resolving disputes outside the courts through the involvement of a neutral third party, which can either be a single arbitrator or an arbitration board. In non-binding arbitration, the disputing parties are free to reject the third party’s recommendation, whilst in binding arbitration they are bound by its decision. Compulsory arbitration denotes the process where arbitration is not voluntarily entered into by the parties, but is prescribed by law or decided by the authorities.

See conciliation, mediation decision concerning an AMWU sit-in at the factory the year before. As a result of the settlement, Alta Mode workers will receive a generous severance package and Alta Mode will move its factory to Vietnam.
Goldilocks attacks union pickets: Bukluran ng Independenteng Samahan na Itinatag sa Goldilocks, affiliated with the Association of Genuine Labour Organisation and the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BISIG-AGLO-BMP), started a formal strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike action on 11 March against two plants of Goldilocks Company (Goldilocks). One hundred fifty BISIG picketers and their supporters were attacked on 19 March. Goldilocks officials driving two vans filled with strikebreakers tried to ram through the BISIG picket line. When the vans were unable to cross the picket line, the strikebreakers pelted the strikers with stones. Goldilocks security guards followed and attacked the picketers with truncheons. According to BISIG President Joel Lachica, eight BISIG members suffered leg and arm injuries as a result of the attack. The 11 March strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike was preceded by a protest picket when the company illegally dismissed 127 workers on 8 February. The dispute ended in October with BISIG successfully concluding negotiations on a collective bargaining collective bargaining The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers’ representatives, trade unions, or trade union centres on the one hand and an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the other.

See collective bargaining agreement
agreement.
DOLEFIL wants ‘yellow’ union: An audit conducted by Societe Generalle de Surveillance (SGS) during 23-27 March on the labour policies of Dole Foods Incorporated indicates that the company risks losing its Social Accountability (SA) certification. This follows a finding of ‘non-conformity’ with SA8000 requirements on freedom of association freedom of association The right to form and join the trade union of one’s choosing as well as the right of unions to operate freely and carry out their activities without undue interference.

See Guide to the ITUC international trade union rights framework and collective bargaining collective bargaining The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers’ representatives, trade unions, or trade union centres on the one hand and an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the other.

See collective bargaining agreement
against DOLE Philippines (Dolefil) for its workers in Polomolok, an Agro-Industrial Sub-Urban Municipality of South Cotabato. The audit cited Dolefil management for violating workers’ right to freedom of association freedom of association The right to form and join the trade union of one’s choosing as well as the right of unions to operate freely and carry out their activities without undue interference.

See Guide to the ITUC international trade union rights framework by discriminating against Amado Kadena (AK-NAFLU-KMU), the certified union of workers at Dolefil, while favouring another union, UR-Dole, and assisting the latter to “lodge harassing litigation against AK-NAFLU-KMU leadership”. UR-Dole held a company-sponsored union assembly on 13 February in an attempt to oust all 31 duly-recognised officers of the AK-NAFLU-KMU. As a result of this meeting, Dolefil recognised UR-Dole as the workers’ representative on 18 February. On 1 July, the Department of Labour and Employment’s Bureau of Labour Relations rejected Dolefil’s decision to recognise the UR-Dole, rebuked the UR-Dole for conducting an unconstitutional change of leadership of the union and found the 13 February assembly to have been illegally conducted.
ABS-CBN efforts to bust union fail: On 15 June, ABS-CBN Chairman and CEO Gabby Lopez issued an ultimatum to workers represented by the ABS-CBN Internal Job Market Workers’ Union (IJMWU) to accept the company proposal on changing their status to regular employees or face dismissal. On 16 June, ABS-CBN terminated, delayed, or rearranged the work schedules of dozens of IMJWU workers who refused to accept the company’s proposal on regularisation. IJMWU claimed the company only offered “regular” status to selected workers, and that the offer entailed waiver of all complaints by the workers against the company, no back-pay or recognition recognition The designation by a government agency of a union as the bargaining agent for workers in a given bargaining unit, or acceptance by an employer that its employees can be collectively represented by a union. of the delayed regular status that was supposed to have been granted for those who had already served many years with the company. In essence, the company’s offer of regular status was designed to validate its argument that employees were individual contractors. When IJMWU filed for a certification election in 2009, the company claimed that there was no employee-employer relationship with the workers represented by IJMWU and that IJMWU workers were individual contractors - not regular employees. On 18 August, the Department of Labour and Employment (DoLE) ruled that the IJMWU are regular employees of ABS-CBN. As a result of DoLE’s decision, IJMWU is seeking a certification election and the reinstatement of 114 members who were terminated by the company.
Supreme Court decision favours workers: On 26 July, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the sugar mill owned by President Aquino’s family had acted in “bad faith” when it reduced its workers’ 13th month pay following a violent strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike that left 14 people dead. The court ordered Central Azucarera de Tarlac (CAT), which operates the sugar mill and refinery in Hacienda Luisita, to honour its long-established formula in computing the bonus. Noting that the benefit enjoyed for 30 years was only reduced after the strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike in 2004, the court declared that “this act of petitioner in changing the formula at this time cannot be sanctioned as it indicates a badge of bad faith.” On 6 November 2004, workers staged a strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike to demand the reinstatement of some 327 union members and leaders fired by CAT. The strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike led to a violent dispersal that killed 14 people, including young children, and wounded scores of others.
Three union leaders killed:

On 2 June, in Santa Rosa City, Laguna, two unknown assailants shot and killed Eduard Panganiban while he was on his way to work at Japanese-owned Takata Philippines, Inc. (Takata), where he worked as a maintenance worker. Panganiban served as the elected Secretary of Samahang Lakas ng Manggagawa sa Takata Philippines - Salamat-Independent (United Strength of Workers in Takata or SALAMAT- Independent), a union that represents Takata workers. Co-workers reported that Panganiban had been receiving threats before the incident. Takata workers had been picketing picketing Demonstration or patrolling outside a workplace to publicise the existence of an industrial dispute or a strike, and to persuade other workers not to enter the establishment or discourage consumers from patronising the employer. Secondary picketing involves picketing of a neutral establishment with a view to putting indirect pressure on the target employer. since March in support of their demand to recognise the union and negotiate a collective bargaining collective bargaining The process of negotiating mutually acceptable terms and conditions of employment as well as regulating industrial relations between one or more workers’ representatives, trade unions, or trade union centres on the one hand and an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the other.

See collective bargaining agreement
agreement. Union President Fidel Panis said that union officers and members had been threatened and harassed. Panis also reported that agents of the Intelligence Services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines had visited some union officers to dissuade them from pursuing their union activities.

On 14 June, National Federation of Sugar Workers (NFSW) organiser, Benjamin Bayles, was also shot and killed in Pamandayan Subvillage, Barangay Buenavista Himamaylan City, Negros Occidental. On 28 June, it was reported that two suspects were detained at the Himamaylan City jail. The two suspects were members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

On 12 November, in Calamba City, Laguna, Carlo “Caloy” Rodriguez, President of the Nagkakaisang Lakas ng Manggawa ng Calamba Water District (Water District Union), an affiliate of the Confederation for Unity, Recognition recognition The designation by a government agency of a union as the bargaining agent for workers in a given bargaining unit, or acceptance by an employer that its employees can be collectively represented by a union. and Advancement of Government Employees (COURAGE), was shot and killed while on his way home from work. Rodriquez worked as a meter reader.

Philippine Airlines attacks its unions:

On 19 April, Philippine Airlines (PAL) announced plans to outsource its non-core operations to third-party service providers effective on 1 June. The plan affects nearly 3,000 PAL employees who are represented by the PAL Employees Association (PALEA), an International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) affiliate. In response to the PAL announcement, PALEA President Gerry Rivera said the union would file a strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike notice. Rivera said that PAL aimed to outsource work to companies where workers will be non-union and thus receive cheaper wages, fewer benefits and no job security. Regular workers will be retired and then rehired as contract employees.

Various attempts to resolve the dispute were made over the coming months. On 9 December, PALEA announced the result of a vote in which over 86% of its membership agreed to authorise the union to strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike . On 10 December, PAL President Jaime Bautista said that PAL would fire and cancel the benefits of all ground employees who engaged in any strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike . On 15 December, President Aquino assumed jurisdiction over the matter, staying earlier decisions of the Secretary of Labour that would allow PAL management to outsource PALEA workers. The staying of the orders also meant that PALEA could not strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike . The dispute had not been resolved by the end of the year.

PAL was also involved in an ongoing dispute with the airlines’ 1,600 flight attendants represented by the Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Philippines (FASAP). On 9 September, FASAP filed a strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike notice with the Department of Labour and Employment (DoLE) because of outstanding and unresolved issues in negotiations with PAL. FASAP filed complaints of gender discrimination on 20 September with the government’s Commission on Human Rights. On 5 October, the DoLE-National Conciliation conciliation An attempt by a neutral third party, a conciliator, to aid the settling of an industrial dispute by improving communications, offering advice and interpreting issues to bring the disputing parties to a point where they can reconcile their differences. The conciliator does not take as active a role as a mediator or an arbitrator.

See arbitration, mediation and Mediation mediation A process halfway between conciliation and arbitration, in mediation a neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a settlement to an industrial dispute by suggesting possible, non-binding solutions.

See arbitration, conciliation Board (NCMB) announced that it had been unable to reconcile the differences between PAL and FASAP. Due to the collapsed talks, FASAP wished to strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike . However, on 6 October, Labour Secretary Rosalinda Baldoz issued an order barring FASAP from striking. “If the cabin crew go on work stoppage as planned, it will be considered as an illegal strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike since I have already assumed (jurisdiction) over the PAL labour dispute labour dispute See industrial dispute ,” Baldoz said. Eventually, on 23 December, Baldoz issued a decision in favour of FASAP.

Striking workers assaulted on various picket lines:

On 25 May, members of a vigilante group called the Pasig Action Line attacked the picket line of 4D Employees Union (4DEU) in San Miguel, Pasig City. The 4DEU has been on strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike against the 4 Dimensions Sleep Product Manufacturing Corporation (4D) since September 2007 when 4D announced that it would close because of financial reasons. Also in May, Phil Bless Inc. Workers Union-National Workers Brotherhood (PBIWU-NWB) went on strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike against Phil Bless Inc. (Phil Bless) over the company’s persistent unfair labour practices. A day after the strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike started, factory security guards fired two gunshots at the picket line. On 15 October, 50 officials from the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) rammed the picket line and destroyed the striker’s encampments.

Triumph workers in the Philippines were violently evicted from their picket line on 4 May when more than 200 security forces invaded the former factory grounds, removed the protesting workers and destroyed their action camp. Security forces also harassed and injured five workers of the independent Bagong Pagkakaisa ng mga Manggagawa sa Triumph International (BPMTI). The workers set up another picket line further down the street, continuing their protest against their dismissals since summer 2009. Triumph International (Philippines) Inc. and Star Performance Inc. factories in Taguig City closed last year, and on 3 December BPMTI filed an OECD complaint against the company. In February, the Swiss National Contact Point (NCP) for the OECD conducted an initial assessment and accepted the case as a specific instance. Currently the NCP is consulting with the parties to establish the terms for handling of the case.

Labour union leader, workers released:

On 13 October, by order of the Regional Trial Court Branch 8, Tacloban City, labour union leader Vincent “Bebot” Borja was released from the Tacloban City Jail. Borja was arrested and imprisoned in May, 2007. Borja was freed from prison after the government’s lone witness admitted he did not recognise Borja and that he was not involved in the crime the witness was supposed to have seen.

On 19 March, the remaining three imprisoned workers of Rizal-based Karnation Industries and Export Inc., Joseph Atienza, Pulido Baguno, and Claro Claridad, were released on bail. The accused are facing charges under the Serious Illegal Detention provisions of Article 267 of the Revised Penal Code following a strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike in May 2007. The 2007 strike strike The most common form of industrial action, a strike is a concerted stoppage of work by employees for a limited period of time. Can assume a wide variety of forms.

See general strike, intermittent strike, rotating strike, sit-down strike, sympathy strike, wildcat strike was precipitated because of Karnation’s labour rights’ violations.

ILO Core Conventions Ratified:
29 Forced Labour (1930) 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (1948) 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (1949) 100 Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value (1951) 105 Abolition of Forced Labour (1957) 111 Discrimination in Employment and Occupation (1958) 138 Minimum Age for Employment (1973) 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999)
Population:
Capital: Manila

reported violations - 2011

Documented violations - actual number of cases may be higher
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